Angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease. It restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery. Angioplasty can be done in an emergency setting such as a heart attack.

Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) is a surgical procedure to replace a malfunctioning aortic valve with a prosthetic valve. The aortic valve controls blood flow from the heart to the aorta and the rest of the body. When this valve is damaged or diseased, it can impair blood flow, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart failure.

Heart failure treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics), device therapy (pacemakers, defibrillators), and surgery (bypass, valve repair/replacement). These approaches aim to improve heart function, manage symptoms, and enhance quality of life.

Pediatric cardiac surgery involves surgical procedures to repair congenital or acquired heart defects in infants and children. Common surgeries include repairing septal defects, correcting valve abnormalities, and addressing complex congenital conditions like Tetralogy of Fallot. These surgeries aim to improve heart function, enhance quality of life, and ensure normal development.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), also known as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), is a minimally invasive procedure used to replace a narrowed aortic valve that fails to open properly (aortic stenosis). The procedure involves inserting a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guiding it to the heart where a new valve is deployed. TAVR is an alternative to open-heart surgery, particularly for patients who are at high risk for surgical complications. Benefits include shorter recovery time, reduced pain, and quicker return to daily activities.

A pacemaker insertion is the implantation of a small electronic device that is usually placed in the chest (just below the collarbone) to help regulate slow electrical problems with the heart. A pacemaker may be recommended to ensure that the heartbeat does not slow to a dangerously low rate. You need surgery to get a pacemaker. The device is placed under the skin near the collarbone. A pacemaker also is called a cardiac pacing device.

Double Valve Replacement (DVR) is a surgical procedure where both the aortic and mitral valves are replaced. This is typically necessary when both valves are damaged or diseased, leading to severe heart function impairment. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques. Replacement valves can be mechanical (durable but require lifelong blood thinners) or biological (less durable but typically do not require long-term blood thinners). DVR aims to restore normal blood flow through the heart, alleviate symptoms, and improve overall heart function and patient quality of life.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart. It involves taking a blood vessel from another part of the body (usually the leg, arm, or chest) and using it to bypass a blocked or narrowed coronary artery. This rerouted blood flow helps to supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, relieving chest pain (angina), improving heart function, and reducing the risk of heart attack. CABG is commonly recommended for patients with severe coronary artery disease that cannot be treated with medication or other interventions like angioplasty.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. That means it’s a congenital heart defect. A baby born with the condition has four different heart problems. These heart problems affect the structure of the heart. The condition causes altered blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels. Tetralogy of Fallot is usually diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after a baby is born. If the heart changes and symptoms are mild, tetralogy of Fallot may not be noticed or diagnosed until adulthood. People who are diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart. Tetralogy of Fallot occurs as the baby’s heart grows during pregnancy. Usually, the cause is unknown.